Passive optical network (PON) packet processor

ABSTRACT

A passive optical network (PON) packet processor for processing PON traffic includes a core processor for executing threads related to the processing of PON traffic and a plurality of hardware (HW) accelerators coupled to the core processor for accelerating the processing of said PON traffic. A memory unit is coupled to the core processor for maintaining program and traffic data. In an embodiment of the present invention, the PON packet processor includes a scheduler that optimizes the execution of PON related tasks.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/238,022 filed on Sep. 29, 2005, whose contents are incorporated herein by reference.

PATENT REFERENCES

U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,788 May 2001 Graves, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,366 May 2002 Lin U.S. Pat. No. 20030058505 March 2003 Arol; et al. U.S. Pat. No. 20040202470 October 2004 Se-Youn; et al. U.S. Pat. No. 20040208631 October 2004 Jae-Yeon; et al. U.S. Pat. No. 20040218534 November 2004 Jae-Yeon; et al. U.S. Pat. No. 20040264961 December 2004 Hong Soon; et al. U.S. Pat. No. 20040136712 July 2005 Stiscia; et al.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to communication using broadband passive optical networks (PONs).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As the demand from users for bandwidth is rapidly increasing, optical transmission systems, where subscriber traffic is transmitted using optical networks, is installed to serve this demand. These networks are typically referred to as fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP), or fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). Each such network provides an access from a central office (CO) to a building, or a home, via optical fibers installed near or up to the subscribers' locations. As the transmission quantity of such an optical cable is much greater than the bandwidth actually required by each subscriber, a passive optical network (PON), shared between a plurality of subscribers through a splitter, was developed.

An exemplary diagram of a typical PON 100 is schematically shown in FIG. 1. The PON 100 includes M optical network units (ONUs) 120-1, 120-2, through 120-M, coupled to an optical line terminal (OLT) 130 via a passive optical splitter 140. To the extent that reference is made to the ONUs without regard to a specific one thereof, such ONUs will be referenced as 120. Traffic data transmission may be achieved by using asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells over two optical wavelengths, one for the downstream direction and another for the upstream direction. Downstream transmission from OLT 130 is broadcast to all ONUs 120. Each ONU 120 filters its respective data according to, for example, pre-assigned ATM VPI/VCI values. ONUs 120 transmit respective data to OLT 130 during different time slots allocated by OLT 130 for each ONU 120. Splitter 140 splits a single line into multiple lines, for example, 1 to 32, or, in case of a longer distance from OLT 130 to ONUs 120, 1 to 16. Each ONU 120 is connected to a plurality of customer sites to which receives and transmits from OLT 130 through the respective ONU 120.

Traffic processing by an ONU 120 is typically performed by a packet processor that is required to serve a plurality of PON applications of different PON types (e.g., BPON, EPON and GPON) and to process multiple data streams at high rate. In addition, the packet processor should be capable of performing standard networking tasks such as bridge learning, ATM queuing and shaping, reassembling of packets, and so on.

It would be advantageous to provide a packet processor for PON applications which is capable of efficiently performing the above-mentioned tasks.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a packet processor for PON applications which is capable of efficiently performing the above-mentioned tasks.

This object is realized in accordance with a first aspect of the invention by a passive optical network (PON) packet processor for processing PON traffic, said PON packet processor comprising:

a core processor for executing threads related to the processing of said PON traffic;

a plurality of hardware (HW) accelerators coupled to the core processor for accelerating the processing of said PON traffic; and

a memory unit coupled to the core processor for maintaining program and traffic data.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for effective selection of PON traffic processing related threads for use by a scheduler operative in a passive optical network (PON) packet processor, said method comprising:

receiving requests for invoking said threads from a plurality of request generators;

based on a priority policy selecting a thread to be executed; and

sending an identification (ID) number of the selected thread to a context manager.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, an embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a typical PON (prior art);

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the PON packet processor in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the connections of the scheduler in accordance with one embodiment exemplary of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a time-diagram used for describing the operation of the zero-latency context switching mechanism in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart for describing the execution of the PON RX thread in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 is a flowchart for describing the execution of the PON TX thread in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a PON packet processor 200 disclosed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The PON packet processor 200 is adapted to perform PON processing tasks, such as bridge learning, ATM queuing and shaping, reassembling of packets, and so on. These processing tasks are performed regardless of the PON type of the network. Namely, the PON packet processor 200 may handle traffic having the type of a Gigabit PON (GPON), a Broadband PON (BPON), an Ethernet PON, (EPON) or any combination thereof. Data processed by the PON packet processor 200 may be either an upstream flow, i.e., data sent from a subscriber device to an OLT or a downstream flow, i.e., data sent from an OLT to a subscriber device.

The packet processor 200 includes a core processor 210, a plurality of hardware (HW) accelerators 220-1 through 220-7, and a memory 230. The core processor 210 may be, for example, a RISC machine that designed to execute processing tasks with a minimal latency. For this purpose, all arithmetic and logic operations as well as source and destination variables are register based. The only operations that require access to the memory 230 are load and store operations. Furthermore, the core processor 210 is designed with separate channels dedicated respectively to program, data, and context accesses. Specifically, the memory units included in the memory 230 are high speed synchronous memories that are used for program, data and context. The program memory 230-1 is, for example, a read only memory that holds tasks' instructions. The program memory 230-1 is accessible by an external microprocessor 250. The data memory 230-2 is a read/write memory that keeps data of the various tasks. The context memory 230-3 holds instances of registers used by core processor 210. When switching contexts, the previous context is saved in memory 230-3 and a new context is fetched. The context memory 230-3 is also accessible by the external microprocessor 250. The context switching mechanism is controlled by a context manager 240 and will be described in greater detail below.

The HW accelerators 220 are dedicated hardware processing components designed to increase the performance of packet processor 200 by speeding up time-consuming tasks. These dedicated processing components include at least a lookup table 220-1, a cyclical redundancy checking (CRC) accelerator 220-2, a scheduler 220-3, a register file 220-4, a direct memory access (DMA) accelerator 220-5, an internal bus interface 220-6, and a timer 220-7. The lookup table 220-1 includes MAC addresses used for accessing both PON and Ethernet MAC adapters. Specifically, the lookup table 220-1 includes all learnt destination and source MAC addresses. Entries are added to the lookup table 220-1 by a learning process and removed from the lookup table 220-1 by an aging process. The learning process is triggered if a designated source address was not found in the lookup table 220-1. In addition, the lookup table 220-1 may be used in forwarding packets, filtering packets having unknown MAC addresses, and assigning of Virtual LAN (VLAN) tags.

The CRC accelerator 220-2 enables the fast CRC calculation for data received through the PON. The CRC accelerator 220-2 operates off line on data stored in data memory 230-2. Specifically, the CRC accelerator 220-2 includes at least five CRC engines (not shown) that are tailored to calculate the CRC of PON traffic. Typically, each CRC engine is capable of computing a different CRC polynomial. The CRC engines may be, but are not limited to, 32-CRC engine for computing the CRC over Ethernet and AAL5 frames, 10-CRC engine for calculating the CRC over OAM cells, 5-CRC utilized for AAL2 frames, and 16-BIP engine for computing parity bit of ATM cells. The core processor 210 instructs CRC accelerator 220-2 which CRC engine or engines are required for the computation. The DMA accelerator 220-5 is responsible for data transfer from and to the memory 230 and an external memory 260. The register file 220-4 includes all configuration and input/output (I/O) space register. Configuration registers can be read and written by the external microprocessor 250, while the I/O registers are for the core processor 210 internal uses. The scheduler 220-3 is coupled to different request generators 302-1 to 320-N (shown in FIG. 3) from which it receives requests and determines the next thread number to be executed based on a plurality of configurable criteria.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram used to describe the operation of the scheduler 220-3 disclosed in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The scheduler 220-3 is coupled to the context manager 240 and a plurality of request generators 320-1 through 320-N. The request generators 320 may be, but are not limited to, peripheral units 270 (e.g., MAC PON adapters, Ethernet PON adapters), the external microprocessor 250, the DMA accelerator 220-5, and the timer 220-7. Each generator 320 requests the scheduler 220-3 to invoke a specific thread to be executed by the core processor 210.

The core process 210 supports the execution of multiple threads, each of which runs a PON related task. For example, threads run over the core processor 210 include, but are not limited to, a PON RX thread for receiving traffic from an OLT, a PON TX for transmitting traffic to an OLT, an Ethernet RX for processing frames received from a subscriber device connected to an ONU, an Ethernet TX for constructing frames to be sent to a subscriber device, or any other user-defined threads. The execution of some of these threads is described in greater detail below. To ensure optimized performance while executing PON related tasks, the scheduler 220-3 is designed with dedicated mechanisms. These mechanisms comprise a priority-based selection of threads, zero-latency context switching, and the enablement of asynchronous and synchronous requests.

The request generators 320 generate and send to the scheduler 220-3 two types of requests for invoking a thread: asynchronous and synchronous. Asynchronous requests are arbitrarily generated by any peripheral unit 270, the timer 220-7, or by another thread as a result of a thread's activity. For example, a thread may either trigger itself directly or indirectly through a DMA command. A synchronous request is generated by the DMA accelerator 220-5. As can be understood from the above discussion the DMA accelerator 220-5 may be considered as a synchronous request generator, whereas the peripheral units 270 and the timer 220-7 are asynchronous request generators.

An asynchronous request includes an enable bit having a value controlled by the core processor 210. When the enable bit is set to a low logic value (i.e., disable), the scheduler 220-3 does not accept the request. This ensures that certain threads complete their execution. For example, a PON transmit task executes a DMA command, and thus can be invoked only at the end of this command. In this case, all the asynchronous requests are disabled and not served. However, the disabled requests are saved and served once the enable bit is set to a high value. Another indication that allows controlling requests for invoking threads is a mask indication. This indication masks an active thread, i.e., none of the request generators can call the masked thread.

Each thread may have one or more pending requests which are kept together with their status by the scheduler 220-3. In an embodiment of the present invention the decision which request to serve is performed by a priority-based selection algorithm. Specifically, during initialization each thread is configured with a priority, e.g., the priority may be the ID number of the thread. Furthermore, all threads are divided into a predefined number of priority groups. Generally, a higher priority request is always served before a lower priority request. However, the scheduler 220-3 may select a request of lower priority, if the lower priority request raises an urgent flag. The priority mechanism is designed to allow the PON packet processor 200 to process data with minimum latency, maximum bandwidth utilization, and minimum data loss. For example, the PON TX thread is assigned with a higher priority in order to avoid situations of transmitting IDLE cell when a T-CONT is granted. As another example, the Ethernet RX thread is set with a higher priority in order to avoid loss of frames. As yet another example, the ability to temporarily raise the priority of a specific thread (using the urgent flag) allows burst data to be handled efficiently. The priority policy of the scheduler 220-3 is designed to serve burst native communication protocols, e.g., a PON protocol. The PON packet processor 200 and the scheduler 220-3 are optimized to support maximum receive and transmit burst size. A person skilled in the art will note that other selection algorithms may be used by the scheduler 220-3. These algorithms include, but are not limited, to round-robin, weighted round-robin, and the like.

The ID number of the selected thread is sent to the context manager 310 prior to any context switching. The scheduler 220-3 may update its selection as long as context switching has not occurred. The context manager 240 unit is responsible for three functions: a) restoring the next thread registers from context memory 230-3 to a shadow register file; b) performing context switch; and c) saving the registers of a prior thread to the context memory 230-3.

To allow zero-latency when switching context, a new thread is selected and its registers are fetched during the execution of a current thread. The context manager periodically triggers a new thread selection and starts fetching its registers. The next thread to be executed is the latest chosen thread whose registers were completely fetched. FIG. 4 provides an exemplary time-diagram for the operation of the zero-latency context switching mechanism. During time T₁, a thread-A runs, and subsequently, at time T₂, a single cycle context switch occurs between thread-A and thread-B. At time T₃, the new thread-B starts and thread-C is selected by scheduler 220-3. The actual thread switching between the previous thread-A and the current thread-B occurs while thread-B is active. That is, the registers that are related to thread-A are stored in the context memory 230-3, while the registers related to thread-C are fetched to a shadow register file simultaneously. Once the previous thread is stored and the next thread is ready, a check is made to determine if scheduler 220-3 updated its selection. In this example, thread-D is preferred as the next thread, and thus the process for fetching its registers to an alternate shadow register file is carried out, i.e., two shadow register files are utilized. If this process is not completed before the next context switch, then thread-C will be next the thread; otherwise, thread-D is executed. As shown, at time T₄ context switching occurs, and during time T₅ thread-D is executed. The scheduler 220-3 includes a mechanism for periodically checking of new requests. This allows the scheduler 220-3 selecting the latest highest priority request, and thus increasing the overall performance of the PON packet processor 200.

FIG. 5, shows a flowchart 500 used for describing the execution of the PON RX thread disclosed in accordance with a non-limiting and exemplary embodiment of the invention. The PON packet processor 200 executes the PON RX thread to reassemble data chunks belong to downstream data flows sent from an OLT to a subscriber device.

The execution of the PON RX thread is initiated by a PON MAC adapter, which sends an asynchronous request to scheduler 220-3. At S510, an acknowledge message is sent to the PON adapter. At S515, the flow context according to the flow-ID is retrieved from the context memory 230-3. At S520, a validity check is performed in order to determine the status of the flow, and if the flow is invalid then, at S530, the flow is discarded and execution terminates; otherwise, execution proceeds to S535. The validity check may be also performed by hardware filters embedded in the PON MAC adapter. At S535, the CRC accelerator 220-2 is instructed to perform a CRC check on the data saves in the data memory 230-2. At S540, another check is made to determine if the incoming data chunk is the last data chunk of a packet, and if so execution continues with S565; otherwise, execution proceeds to S545. At S545, an incoming data chunk is saved in the external memory 260. This is performed using a DMA command and by means of the DMA accelerator 220-5. During the execution of the DMA command all incoming requests are masked. At S550, the result of the CRC calculation is read and the residue is stored.

At S565, the reassembled packet is retrieved. This is performed using a DMA command and by means of the DMA accelerator 220-5. During the execution of the DMA command all asynchronous requests are disabled, i.e., core processor 210 waits for the completion of the data transfer. At S570, the result of the CRC calculation is obtained from the CRC accelerator 220-2 and, at S575, the calculated CRC value is compared to the CRC of the reassembled packet. If the comparison result states inequality, then at S580 the packet is discarded and execution terminates; otherwise, at S585 the packet along with its descriptor is written to an output buffer. Packets in the output buffer are ready to be forwarded to Ethernet MAC adapter. Once the PON packet processor 210 writes the reassembled packet in the output buffer it is ready to receive a new packet from the PON MAC adapter.

FIG. 6, shows a flowchart 600 used for describing the execution of the PON TX thread disclosed in accordance with a non-limiting and exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The PON packet processor 200 executes the PON TX thread to fill TX buffers of a specific TCONT. The thread is initiated once all Ethernet frames of an upstream flow are reassembled into packets in the external memory 260. At S610, a search for a free TX buffer is performed. The TX buffers are a set of prioritized buffers, each of which represents a single priority queue that is connected to a specific T-CONT. A T-CONT is a virtual upstream channel to which bandwidth is granted by the OLT. A single T-CONT can be allocated for an ONU, a class of service (CoS), or a logical ONU. TX buffers reside in data memory 230-2. Once a free TX buffer is found, at S620, the payload date of a reassembled packet residing in the external memory 260 is retrieved. This is performed using a DMA command and by means of the DMA accelerator 220-5. During the execution of the DMA command all asynchronous requests are disabled, i.e., core processor 210 waits for the completion of the data transfer. At S630, the payloads are saved in data memory 230-2 in the TX buffers. Upon a request from a PON MAC adapter the content of TX buffers associated with a specific T-CONT is sent to the adapter. 

1. A passive optical network (PON) packet processor for processing PON traffic, said PON packet processor comprising: a core processor for executing threads related to the processing of said PON traffic; a plurality of hardware (HW) accelerators coupled to the core processor for accelerating the processing of said PON traffic; and a memory unit coupled to the core processor for maintaining program and traffic data.
 2. The PON packet processor of claim 1, wherein said plurality of HW accelerators comprises a media access control (MAC) address search engine, a cyclical redundancy checking (CRC) accelerator, a scheduler, a register file, a direct memory access (DMA) accelerator, an internal interface, and a timer.
 3. The PON packet processor of claim 2, wherein said CRC accelerator is capable of computing a different CRC polynomial.
 4. The PON packet processor of claim 2, wherein said DMA accelerator is adapted to allow fast data transfers between said memory unit and an external memory.
 5. The PON packet processor of claim 2, wherein said scheduler enables the selection of threads to be executed over said core processor.
 6. The PON packet processor of claim 5, further including: a plurality of request generators coupled to the scheduler for generating requests for invoking threads; and a context manager coupled to the scheduler for controlling the context switching between said threads.
 7. The PON packet processor of claim 6, wherein at least one of said request generators is constituted by any one of the group consisting of: said DMA accelerator, said core processor, said timer, an external microprocessor.
 8. The PON packet processor of claim 6, wherein at least one of said request generators is constituted by any one of the group consisting of: said core processor, said timer, an external microprocessor and is adapted to generate an asynchronous request.
 9. The PON packet processor of claim 7, wherein at least one of said request generators is constituted by said DMA accelerator and is adapted to generate a synchronous request.
 10. The PON packet processor of claim 6, wherein said context manager is provided with an identification (ID) number of a selected thread.
 11. The PON packet processor of claim 5, wherein the scheduler is adapted to select a thread based on a priority policy.
 12. The PON packet processor of claim 11, wherein the scheduler is adapted to increase a priority of a thread temporarily to handle burst PON traffic.
 13. The PON packet processor of claim 5, wherein the scheduler is adapted to reject disabled requests and masked requests.
 14. The PON packet processor of claim 6, wherein said context manager is adapted to: fetch the context of said selected thread upon receiving an ID number of the selected thread; and switch context between a selected thread and a currently executed thread.
 15. The PON packet processor of claim 14, wherein context switching is performed at zero latency.
 16. The PON packet processor of claim 5, wherein said threads include at least one of: an Ethernet TX thread for constructing frames to be sent to a subscriber device, an Ethernet RX thread for processing frames received from a subscriber device, a PON RX thread for transmitting traffic to an optical line terminal (OLT), a PON RX thread for receiving traffic from an OLT.
 17. The PON packet processor of claim 16, being adapted to execute said PON TX thread by: receiving at an Ethernet media access control (MAC) adapter data chunks of Ethernet frames sent from subscriber devices; reassembling said data chunks into packets in said memory unit; sending reassembled packets to a PON MAC adapter; and upon receiving a grant from an OLT, transmitting said reassembled packets to said OLT.
 18. The PON packet processor of claim 16, being adapted to execute said PON RX thread by: receiving data chunks sent from an OLT of an optical network; reassembling said data chunks into a data packet in said memory unit; performing correctness checks of said reassembled data packet using the CRC accelerator; and forwarding said reassembled packet to a subscriber device through an Ethernet MAC adapter.
 19. The PON packet processor of claim 1, being adapted to serve a plurality of PON applications of different PON types including at least: a Gigabit PON (GPON) mode, a broadband PON (BPON), and an Ethernet PON (EPON).
 20. A method for effective selection of PON traffic processing related threads for use by a scheduler operative in a passive optical network (PON) packet processor, said method comprising: receiving requests for invoking said threads from a plurality of request generators; based on a priority policy selecting a thread to be executed; and sending an identification (ID) number of the selected thread to a context manager.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said plurality of request generators include at least one of: a DMA accelerator, a core processor, a timer, an external microprocessor.
 22. The method of claim 21, including receiving asynchronous requests and synchronous requests.
 23. The method of claim 22, including generating said asynchronous requests by at least one of: said core processor, said timer, said external microprocessor.
 24. The method of claim 22, including generating said synchronous requests by said DMA accelerator.
 25. The method of claim 24, including rejecting disabled requests and masked requests by said scheduler.
 26. The method of claim 25, including temporarily increasing a priority of a thread to handle burst PON traffic.
 27. The method of claim 20, including: fetching the context of said selected thread upon receiving said ID number of the selected thread; and switching context between said selected thread and a current executed thread.
 28. The method of claim 27, including performing context switching at zero latency. 